Note:

If you want to create a new page for developers, you should create it on the Moodle Developer Resource site.

Overview

From MoodleDocs
 很多人问moodle的开发是怎么操作的.本页面将给你一个概览,帮助你理解许多其它的开发文档。

关键角色

Martin Dougiamas
Martin 是Moodle项目的开发负责人. 通常他试着推行民主,推广精华知识,但是他也偶尔在一些事情上做是否可执行决定.
Moodle HQ
大部分是澳大利亚人的一个开发者团队,由Moodle项目提供资金,进行全职的moodle核心开发. 团队成员包括 Martin Dougiamas (moodler), Eloy Lafuente (stronk7), Petr Skoda (skodak), Mathieu Petit-Clair (scyrma), Nicolas Connault, Donsheng Cai, Jérôme Mouneyrac, Helen Foster (wildgirl) and occasionally Jamie Pratt (jamiesensei). 每个人的头像可以在这里找到: http://moodle.com/hq/.
Catalyst
一个在新西兰的Catalyst Lid的开发团队,为Moodle的客户工作,进行许多核心开发。团队成员包括 Martin Langhoff, Penny Leach (mjollnir), Matt Clarkson, and Donal McMullan.
Open University
在英国Open University的一个主要负责Moodle安装实施的开发团队. 团队成员包括 Tim Hunt, Sam Marshall, Nick Freear, Thanh Le and Jenny Gray.
 现在还有许多其它的人通过不同的方式来为moodle项目做贡献, 上面这些只是主要负责核心开发的团队。参考the full list of people with write access to Moodle

Moodle 版本

Moodle大概每6个月或更长时间发行一个主版本,没有固定的日程。每个主版本将使Moddle的主版本号增加0.1. 在每个稳定分支上的次版本 (没有新的特性增加, 只是一些bug修改) 可能在任何时间发生,不管在任何时候,只要足够的bug修复经过验证即可.完整的细节可以在 Release notes 看到.

目前的开发版可以在CVS的trunk(i.e. HEAD)上找到, 稳定的分支版本将会分散出现在每个主版本中(e.g. MOODLE_18_STABLE).

我们怎样开发 Roadmap

Roadmap 列出将在下个版本中开发的特性. 这个列表主要源于在MoodleTracker里在一些焦点问题上的大量投票,所以请为你想要的特性投票! 其它的包括公开讨论以及在Moodle Moots和Moodle论坛的特性请求也会对此列表有所影响。

Release cycles

Generally a cycle works like this:

Rapid Development
Long period of several months adding code to the HEAD version of Moodle. At the same time, all fixes that don't involve database changes or radical core changes are backported to the last two or three stable branches.
Head Freeze
At some point Martin Dougiamas declares a freeze on new work for a while to stabilise the core. All database changes and all major core changes need to have explicit permission from Martin. All developers should be wrapping up work on new features and fixing bugs in new code. This period may be 1 or 2 weeks.
Beta period
Once the HEAD version becomes fairly stable, Martin declares a BETA version and this point is marked on HEAD as MOODLE_XX_BETA (e.g. MOODLE_19_BETA). Install packages are generated daily from the latest version for wider testing and feedback via the tracker. The freeze continues, testing and bug fixing continues. This testing period may be anywhere from 2 to 6 weeks.
Major release
When the core code passes all the testing we can throw at it, the MOODLE_XX_BETA flag is moved up to mark the current point as a branch point, and a new stable branch named MOODLE_XX_STABLE is created. Packages are created, and the release is announced.

Then it all starts again!

Quality control

Issue tracking is an important part of a continuous quality control process. It involves reporting of problems (bugs), ideas for improvement and new features. Unlike most proprietary software programs, Moodle issue reporting and tracking information is open to everyone. Moodle's issue tracking system is called the Tracker.

All Moodle users are encouraged to be active participants when it comes to testing. Anyone with a Tracker user account can create, view, comment on, vote, and watch bugs.

Testers

Testers are responsible for verifying the accuracy of changes made by developers. Testers choose which bugs they want to test, according to their area of expertise, and use the QA Assignee field to identify themselves as the tester.

If the bug passes testing, then the tester changes the status of the bug from 'resolved' to 'closed'. If the bug fails testing, or if the fix is incomplete, then the tester reopens the bug.

A Moodle release will be deemed ready when all "blocker" bugs fixed for a particular version have been closed.


Weekly Code Review

Every Tuesday (all time zones), testers and core developers stop developing new code and focus on reviewing changes made to the stable releases in the past week (both at a code level and an interface level).

This process is intended to improve the quality of the latest download packages and to catch any new bugs that might have been created while fixing old ones.

The latest stable packages are tagged as MOODLE_19_WEEKLY (these tags are updated after the weekly review is over).

See Weekly Code Review for more details.

Coding Standards

The full Coding Guide gives all the details, but here are some of the major things your code needs to hit:

XMLDB

All our database schema are created using the XML install.php files, and upgraded using database-agnostic commands in upgrade.php files. Any version of any part of Moodle can be smoothly upgraded to any later version in this fashion (on a wide variety of supported databases).

XHTML

All output from Moodle must be compliant with XHTML Strict 1.0, and also compliant with all common accessibility guidelines (such as W3C WAG).

Forms

All forms should use the Moodleforms library if possible. This results in a standardised accessible output that designers can style consistently and well.

Parameters

All parameters should be checked using require_param() and optional_param() which will safely clean all incoming data for use and provide defaults to your code. Moodleforms will do this automatically for you.

Output

All textual output should be output using the format_text or format_string functions. This will ensure that text is cleaned and filtered appropriately.

Access

All permissions-checking should use the "Access library" to check against current capabilities. The most common function you'll use is has_capability() which checks the permissions of the current user in an efficient way to see if they are allowed to do this specific operation. Do not check for specific roles in your code (e.g. teacher/student) as that will make your code useless.

Other core libraries

The other major libraries you should get familiar with are:

  1. moodlelib.php - a useful bin of all kinds of useful functions and constants
  2. datalib.php - all the functions you need to interface with the database
  3. weblib.php - all the functions you'll need to create and output XHTML


Plugins

Moodle has about 22 different types of plugins last time I counted. Plugins can generally be self-contained in a single directory containing scripts, images, stylesheets and language files all in one package that can be dropped into the Moodle script directory in the right place. After that the admin just needs to visit the admin page to install them.

Most plugins work in one of two ways, they either provide a lib.php filled with common functions and some scripts with standard names, or they subclass a proto-plugin and override a few method functions to achieve their goals.

The best way to learn is to pick an example from the core code that is similar to what you want to do and start playing with it. There are also some template plugins to help get you started.

Development processes

Not all Moodle development happens exactly like this, but it really should. :-)

Major Development

A major development is a significant piece of new code, adding new functionality to Moodle.

Make sure it's a good idea

Firstly, you should look at the roadmap and talk the idea over with some Moodle developers to see if someone else is working on it already and whether others think the general idea has merit. Use the forums if you wish, or whatever means you have. If you have a client, you may need to work with them to work out what they REALLY want (perhaps it isn't actually a new development for Moodle).

Create a specification in Moodle Docs

Start a new page in the Moodle Docs wiki, similar to Grades. Your page should outline the database table design, the GUI, the hows and whys etc. Include as much detail as you need (even mock screenshots) but try to keep it clear and logically organised.

Seek and absorb community feedback

Post about the new page in the appropriate forums on Using Moodle to help draw attention to it and to stimulate some discussion around your development. The more feedback you have the better, especially if it includes a wide variety of users (developers, teachers, students etc).

Edit your page in response to the feedback, or invite people to do so themselves. try to evolve the specification into something that all users are happy with. Sometimes it's worth working harder to find the "best" way to do something without adding Yet Another Option.

Set up tasks in the Moodle Tracker

Once the specification has settled down, it's time to start work. Create a new task for yourself in the Moodle Tracker, and add sub-tasks in roughly chronological order for all the different parts of the job. This not only helps you keep track of where you are, but allows the community to "watch you" develop and to help you where they can. If there are different people working on different parts, you can assign subtasks to different people. It's really very convenient to use once you get the hang of it.

Use CVS and link commits to Tracker

If possible, develop the code in an open code repository (and preferably Moodle CVS!). If you need CVS write access to the core code or the contrib repository, use the "Apply for CVS Access" tab on http://moodle.org/cvs. Gaining access to the main core code is quite difficult, but we are generally very free with access to the contrib area.

Every time you make a commit, include a detailed message about the new code and always include a Moodle Tracker bug number (e.g. MDL-7777). This will ensure that the Moodle Tracker is able to detect your commit and attach it to the relevant bug report.

Comment on milestones in forums and tracker

If you hit a major milestone, or want testers to try something, feel free to post about it in the relevant forum on Using Moodle. The more people you can attract to look and try out your code the better it will be, trust me.

Respond to bug reports

Of course you need to listen to your users (well, most of them :-)). Encourage people to file bugs, and fix them. If you need help setting up a project category in the Tracker contact support@moodle.com. This will ensure that all your bugs are easy to find and to track.

Minor Development

For smaller modules, fixes, improvements and other issues.

Create a new issue in the tracker

You should definitely create an issue in the tracker to describe your development and to act as a focus point for all discussion. You can reference the bug number from forum discussions and in commit messages etc. This way everyone can easily find out exactly what they are talking about.

Attach a patch

If you have some code, please attach it to the tracker issue, or if it's on your own site then link to it from the tracker issue. Don't attach code in the Moodle forums ... it will "rot" quickly there and just clogs up moodle.org with useless old code.

Promote the patch

By all means draw attention to your work in the Moodle forums (mentioning the bug number) or email developers directly to help make them aware of it. You can also add developers as "watchers" to the tracker issue if you want, this means they will get email for every change on the issue.

See also