「安装 Moodle」：修訂間差異

於 2013年8月6日 (二) 05:20 的修訂

This page explains how to install Moodle. If you are an expert and/or in a hurry try Installation Quickstart.

If you just want to try Moodle on a standalone machine there are 'one-click' installers for Windows (see Complete install packages for Windows) and for OSX (see Complete Install Packages for Mac OS X). These are unsuitable for production servers.

需求

Moodle主要是在Linux上使用Apache、MySQL及PHP開發(有時也被稱為LAMP平台)。

如果你懷疑 LAMP 平台的安全性，LAMP 其實是目前最安全和最流行的組合。

同時也有其他的一些選擇 - 查看下面鏈接中的軟件部分：

Moodle 安裝的基本需求如下：

硬件

磁盤空間：160MB 是程序安裝的最小空閒磁盤空間。你也可能需要存儲你自己的資料的話，5GB 實際使用空間基本上夠用了。
備份空間：至少與你實際運行的程序和數據相同的存儲空間，如果能夠進行遠程備份，那就更加理想。
內存：256MB 的內存為最小內存，強烈建議使用 1GB 以上內存。Moodle 的基本使用情況是： 1G 的內存能夠支持 10 到 20 個的並發用戶。但是這個也與你的系統硬件和軟件配置有很大的關係。 '並發'的意思為服務器同時在內存中處理的能力，例如用戶在某一個時間點內與系統進行交互，而不是指登錄系統的用戶數量。

軟件

一個操作系統 (!). Anything that runs the following software; although the choice will most likely depend on the performance you need and the skills you have available. Linux and Windows are the most common choices (and good support is available). If you have a free choice, Linux is generally regarded to be the optimal platform. Moodle is regularly tested with Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, RedHat, Windows 7/2012 and Mac OS X.
Web server, primarily Apache. Not fully tested (or supported) but should work are IIS, lightttpd, nginx, cherokee, zeus and LiteSpeed. Moodle will refuse to install on any other web server. Your web server needs to be correctly configured to serve PHP files.The version is not critical but try to use the newest web server build available to you.
PHP - The minimum version is currently 5.3.3. A number of extensions are required; see the PHP page for full details. Installation will halt at the environment check if any of the required extensions are missing.
A database. MySQL and PostgreSQL are the primary development database, the most comprehensively tested and have extensive documentation and support. Oracle and MSSQL are fully supported (note that optional plugins may be untested with these databases) but documentation and online help are not as comprehensive as MySQL/PostgreSQL. If in doubt use MySQL (more documentation) or PostgreSQL (better stability/performance). You will need the appropriate PHP extension (configured if need be) for your chosen database.
- MySQL - 最低版本 5.1.33
- MariaDB - 最低版本 5.3.5
- PostgreSQL - 最低版本 8.3
- MSSQL - 最低版本 9.0
- Oracle - 最低版本 10.2
訪問 Moodle 使用的瀏覽器最低版本要求為：Firefox 4, Internet Explorer 8, Safari 5, Google Chrome 11, Opera 9

配置你的服務器

如果你希望評估 Moodle，你也可以在桌面計算機中安裝 Moodle。

有很多方法來安裝你的服務器軟件，這個根據你選擇服務器的不同而不同。一些鏈接和指向將在安裝 AMP 中。

如果你使用虛擬服務器，服務器需要的一些軟件應該已經幫你安裝好了。尤其是在共享服務器上，你需要知道如何修改 PHP 的配置，例如如何修改最大上傳文件大小限制。

不同服務器的配置可能有非常大的不同。

下載和拷貝你的文件到正確位置

重要： While there are now a number of places you can get the Moodle code, you are strongly advised to obtain Moodle from moodle.org. If you run into problems it will be a great deal easier to support you.

You have two options:

Download your required version from http://moodle.org/downloads and unzip/unpack...
OR Pull the code from the Git repository (recommended for developers and also makes upgrading very simple):

$ git clone -b MOODLE_25_STABLE git://git.moodle.org/moodle.git

...this fetches a complete copy of the Moodle repository and then switches to the 2.5 Stable branch (latest weekly build). For a fuller discussion see Git for Administrators.

Either of the above should result in a directory called moodle, containing a number of files and folders.

You can either place the whole folder in your web server documents directory, in which case the site will be located at http://yourwebserver.com/moodle, or you can copy all the contents straight into the main web server documents directory, in which case the site will be simply http://yourwebserver.com. See the documentation for your system and/or web server if you are unsure.

Tip: If you are downloading Moodle to your local computer and then uploading it to your hosted web site, if possible upload the compressed file and decompress at the remote end (check your 'file manager'). Failing that, watch FTP progress carefully for errors or missed files.

Secure the Moodle files: It is vital that the files are not writeable by the web server user. For example, on Unix/Linux (as root):

# chown -R root /path/to/moodle
# chmod -R 0755 /path/to/moodle

(files are owned by the administrator/superuser and are only writeable by them - readable by everyone else)

創建空數據庫

Next create a new, empty database for your installation. You need to find and make a note of following information for use during the final installation stage:

dbhost - the database server hostname. Probably localhost if the database and web server are the same machine, otherwise the name of the database server
dbname - the database name. Whatever you called it, e.g. moodle
dbuser - the username for the database. Whatever you assigned, e.g. moodleuser - do not use the root/superuser account. Create a proper account with the minimum permissions needed.
dbpass - the password for the above user

If your site is hosted you should find a web-based administration page for databases as part of the control panel (or ask your administrator). For everyone else or for detailed instructions, see the page for your chosen database server:

Create the (moodledata) data directory

Moodle requires a directory to store all of its files (all your site's uploaded files, temporary data, session data etc.). The web server needs to be able to write to this directory. On larger systems consider how much free space you are going to use when allocating this directory.

IMPORTANT: This directory must NOT be accessible directly via the web. This would be a serious security hole. Do not try to place it inside your web root or inside your Moodle program files directory. Moodle will not install. It can go anywhere else convenient.

Here is an example (Unix/Linux) of creating the directory and setting the permissions for anyone on the server to write here. This is only appropriate for Moodle servers that are not shared. Discuss this with your server administrator for better permissions that just allow the web server user to access these files.

# mkdir /path/to/moodledata
# chmod 0777 /path/to/moodledata

If your server supports ACL it is recommended to set following permissions, for example if your Apache server uses account www-data:

# chmod -R +a "www-data allow read,delete,write,append,file_inherit,directory_inherit" /path/to/moodledata

If you are planning to execute PHP scripts from the command line you should set the same permissions for the current user:

$ sudo chmod -R +a "`whoami` allow read,delete,write,append,file_inherit,directory_inherit" /path/to/moodledata

Securing moodledata in a web directory

If you are using a hosted site and you have no option but to place 'moodledata' in a web accessible directory. You may be able to secure it by creating an .htaccess file in the 'moodledata' directory. This does not work on all systems - see your host/administrator. Create a file called .htaccess containing only the following lines:

order deny,allow
deny from all

開始 Moodle 安裝

It's now time to run the installer to create the database tables and configure your new site. The recommended method is to use the command line installer. If you cannot do this for any reason (e.g. on a Windows server) the web based installer is still available.

命令行安裝工具

It's best to run the command line installer as your system's web user. You need to know what that is - see your system's documentation (e.g. Ubuntu/Debian is 'www-data', Centos is 'apache')

Example of using the command-line installer (as root - substitute 'www-data' for your web user):

# chown www-data /path/to/moodle
# cd /path/to/moodle/admin/cli
# sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php install.php
# chown -R root /path/to/moodle

The chowns allow the script to write a new config.php file. More information about the options can be found using

# php install.php --help

You will be asked for other settings that have not been discussed on this page - if unsure just accept the defaults. For a full discussion see Administration via command line

Web based installer

To run the web installer script, just go to your Moodle's main URL using a web browser.

The installation process will take you through a number of pages. You should be asked to confirm the copyright, see the database tables being created, supply administrator account details and supply the site details. The database creation can take some time - please be patient. You should eventually end up at the Moodle front page with an invitation to create a new course.

It is very likely that you will be asked to download the new config.php file and upload it to your Moodle installation - just follow the on-screen instructions.

Final configuration

Settings within Moodle

There are a number of options within the Moodle Site Administration screens (accessible from the 'Site administration' tab in the 'Settings' block. Here are a few of the more important ones that you will probably want to check:

Settings > Site administration > Plugins > Message Outputs > Email: Set your smtp server and authentication if required (so your Moodle site can send emails). The support contact for your site is also set on this page.
Settings > Site administration > Server > System paths: Set the paths to du, dot and aspell binaries.
Settings > Site administration > Server > HTTP: If you are behind a firewall you may need to set your proxy credentials in the 'Web proxy' section.
Settings > Site administration > Location > Update timezones: Run this to make sure your timezone information is up to date.

Remaining tasks

Configure Cron: Moodle's background tasks (e.g. sending out forum emails and performing course backups) are performed by a script which you can set to execute at specific times of the day. This is known as a cron script. Please refer to the Cron instructions.
Set up backups: See Site backup and Automated course backup.
Check mail works: Create a test user with a valid email address and send them a message. Do they receive an email copy of the message? If not, check the settings in Settings > Site administration > Plugins > Message outputs > Email. Don't be tempted to skip this step (clue: email is used to recover lost passwords, including the administrator password when you forget it!)
Secure your Moodle site: Read the Security recommendations.

Installation is complete :)

Create a new course: You can now create a new course and have a play ;-)

If something goes wrong...

Here are some things you should try...

Check the Installation FAQ
Check your file permissions carefully. Can your web server read (but not write) the Moodle program files? Can your web server read and write your Moodle data directory?
Check your database permissions. Have you set up your database user with the correct rights and permissions for your configuration (especially if the web server and database server are different machines)?
If you are having trouble creating a Configuration file (config.php), you can do it manually by copying config-dist.php (in the root of the Moodle program directory) to config.php, editing it and setting your database/site options there. Installation will continue from the right place.
Once you have a config.php (see previous tip) you can edit it to turn on debugging (in section 8). This may give you extra information to help track down a problem. If you have access, check your web server error log(s).
Re-check your php.ini / .htaccess settings. Are they appropriate (e.g. memory_limit), did you edit the correct php.ini / .htaccess file and (if required) did you re-start the web server after making changes?
Did you include any non-core (optional) plugins, themes or other code before starting the installation script? If so, remove it and try again (it may be broken or incompatible).
Explain your problem in the Installation problems forum. PLEASE list your software versions; explain what you did, what happened and what error messages you saw (if any); explain what you tried. There is no such thing as 'nothing', even a blank page is something!

Platform specific instructions

Note: Much of this information is provided by the community. It may not have been checked and may be out of date. Please read in conjunction with the above installation instructions.

@@ 第23行： / 第23行： @@
 * [[PHP]] - The minimum version is currently 5.3.3. A number of extensions are required; see the [[PHP]] page for full details. Installation will halt at the environment check if any of the required extensions are missing.
 * A database. MySQL and PostgreSQL are the primary development database, the most comprehensively tested and have extensive documentation and support. Oracle and MSSQL are fully supported (note that optional plugins may be untested with these databases) but documentation and online help are not as comprehensive as MySQL/PostgreSQL. If in doubt use MySQL (more documentation) or PostgreSQL (better stability/performance). You will need the appropriate PHP extension (configured if need be) for your chosen database.
-** [[MySQL]] - minimum version 5.1.33
+** [[MySQL]] - 最低版本 5.1.33
-** [[MariaDB]] - minimum version 5.3.5
+** [[MariaDB]] - 最低版本 5.3.5
-** [[PostgreSQL]] - minimum version 8.3
+** [[PostgreSQL]] - 最低版本 8.3
-** [[MSSQL]] - minimum version 9.0
+** [[MSSQL]] - 最低版本 9.0
-** [[Oracle]] - minimum version 10.2
+** [[Oracle]] - 最低版本 10.2
-* Minimum browser for accessing Moodle: Firefox 4, Internet Explorer 8, Safari 5, Google Chrome 11, Opera 9
+* 访问 Moodle 使用的浏览器最低版本要求为：Firefox 4, Internet Explorer 8, Safari 5, Google Chrome 11, Opera 9
 == 配置你的服务器 ==

Documentation