Translation

Moodle has been designed for internationalisation. Each 'string' or 'page' of text that is displayed as part of the interface is drawn from a set of language files.

Structure of a Moodle language pack

All Moodle language packs are located in the lang directory, with each language in a unique directory named the same as the language short name (en, fr, nl, es ...).

All the main files are in this folder, with .php extensions (eg moodle.php, resource.php etc). These files contains short phrases, often called "strings". Each string supports variable substitution, to support variable ordering in different languages.

e.g. $strdueby = get_string("assignmentdueby", "assignment", userdate($date));

If a string doesn't exist in a particular language, then the equivalent in English will automatically be used instead.

There is also a help folder containing .html web pages for pop-up context-sensitive help.

Language editing

Please note that you may edit languages via Administration >> Configuration >> Language. This makes it easy to not only create new languages but to refine existing ones. If you are starting a new language, please contact Koen Roggemans our Translation Coordinator (email: translation AT moodle DOT org). You may also like to post in the Using Moodle: Languages forum.

Creating a new language pack

If your language is not yet supported by Moodle, or if you just want to make some customisations to your own site's interface, you may want to start a new translation.

All you need to do is create a new folder in the lang directory using the 2-letter code for your language. You can find these standard codes in lib/languages.php. If you are making a local variation of another language, use the code of that language with an underscore and a meaningful two letter extension (e.g. pt for Portuguese and pt_br for Brasilian variation of the Portuguese language pack). If you are making a Unicode version add _utf8 at the end (eg sr_utf8).

Next, create in your new language folder the file moodle.php, containing the following lines:

<?PHP
$string['thischarset'] = 'iso-8859-1';
$string['thisdirection'] = 'ltr';
$string['thislanguage'] = 'new language pack';
?>

or copy the moodle.php from another language into your new directory. The one from the "en" folder is usually best but it doesn't really matter as you are going to rewrite it anyway. Creating moodle.php yourself has the advantage of starting with a completely clean and empty language pack.

You are now ready to start inserting new strings by editing your language... see below for details on this.

For a new language pack, the very first thing you need to edit is the string named "thischarset" in moodle.php. It must contain a valid web character set for your language. After you change that string, save the moodle.php file, then reload the page. You can then continue with the rest of the strings.

Editing an existing language pack

Making small customisations

If you just want to change a few things in the interface to suit your own site better, don't start editing one of the standard language packs. If you do then your changes will be overwritten next time you upgrade to a new Moodle.

Instead, use the instructions above for making a brand new language pack, and set the parent language (in moodle.php) to be the language that is most similar to yours. For example, a good name for a local english version would be "en_local", and the parent language would be "en" or "en_us".

Note that for everyone on your site to see this new pack you have to select it as the site language and restrict the available languages on Administration >> Configuration >> Variables.

Translating the Moodle interface language files (the "string" files)

1. Log on to your Moodle server as an administrator.
2. Go to Administration >> Configuration >> Language, which is the language administration page.
3. On this page you can choose your language from the menu, then choose "Compare and Edit Language".
4. You should see forms you can edit for each file. If you do not, then you may have to make sure that the files are writeable - you may have to change file permissions.
5. The forms consist of three columns, the first is the name of each string, the second is that string in English, and the last is translation in the current language.
6. Edit missing strings in each files (highlighted in colour), remembering to hit the "Save changes" button at the end of each form.
7. It's OK to leave strings empty - Moodle will simply use the parent language for that string instead. You can define the parent language in moodle.php, otherwise English is always used by default.
8. A quick way to see all the missing strings is by using the button to "Check for missing strings". Leave the untranslated strings completely empty or this handy tool won't work.

Translating the help files

There is a built-in editor in Moodle to translate the help files. It uses the en language pack as a reference language. You are strongly advised to use this editor: it cleans out some possible problems, it warns you for old translations and it marks (with stars in the drop down list) wich files are out of date. If you want another language than English as a reference (wich is not a good idea), you copy a help file from the reference language pack and paste it on the same location in your own language pack. Then use a plain text editor to translate the file, making sure not to modify any code in the file (there usually is no code, just HTML-tags). (DON'T USE A WORDPROCESSOR to write the help-files because these programs add too much rubbish to the files). Don't leave untranslated help files in your language pack.

Take care to write the helpfiles XHTML-compliant. This means in short:

• All tags should be closed:

  <p>lalala</p>

• All elements should be nested:

  <p> lalala <em>lalala</em> </p>

• All elements and attributes must be lower case
• All atributes should be written in full and with quotes :

  <p align="right"> lalala </p>

• Empty elements must end with />:

  <br /> <hr />

  . You should add an extra space before the "/" symbol.
• An <img should have an alt="" (it can be empty) en must be closed like other empty elements with a space and /> like

  <img alt="" src="picture.gif" />

• <?= and <? should be

  <?php

• There should not be ANY font tags at all.

  <p><em> <h1> <h2>

  etc should be enough for the language files ...
• The language name in the languagepack

  $string['thislanguage']

  in moodle.php should generally use Unicode Numeric Character References (NCR) if possible, because this allows the name to work within ANY encoding context (see the Chinese pack for example).

None of the files in the help folder need a doc type, html, body, head opening and closing tags - these files are included with help.php. The script will take care of welforming the pages. This means also there is not much room for HTML creativity! Please stick to the English example.

The files in the docs folder must be completely XHTML compliant, including doc type, header etc.

Clicking on "Check for missing strings" in the language administration screen will also show you what files you are missing. If you have missing files then Moodle will use the parent language instead, so don't leave copies of untranslated help files in your language pack or this handy tool won't work.

Submitting your language pack to the Moodle project

Sharing your translation with Moodle will ensure that you help other people who speak your language. Your interface language will be available in future versions of Moodle.

Simply archive your whole new language directory as a zip file and email it to translation AT moodle DOT org.

We will get back to you with further details.

Checklist you can use before committing:

• No empty files?
• No untranslated files or strings?
• Help files not edited with a wordprocessor?
• README file contains language, name and emailadress of the translator?
• Foldername is the right language code (check moodle\lib\languages.php)?
• Does the language pack run errorfree on a testsite?
• When "thislanguage" contains other then latin letters, is it written in NCR notation?
• Are the strings and files XHTML compliant?

Maintenance of a standard language pack

If you are committed to maintaining a language in Moodle, it's best to use Moodle CVS so that you have an up-to-date version of Moodle, and can easily "check in" your changes directly into the Moodle project. Contact translation AT moodle DOT org if you need help setting this up.

You must also subscribe to the Languages Forum for news and discussion about issues that affect translations.

Finally, to keep in touch with changes in the project on a day-to-day basis it is a very good idea to subscribe to the CVS mailing list. This helps to keep your translation as close to the English text as possible.